Aphg Chapter 10 Textbook Reading Guide Answers

GEG 100 ONLINE! Cultural Geography WEEK 12 - Teacher NOTES AND VOCABULARY

Agronomics

READING ASSIGNMENTS

Read Chapter x Agriculture - All 4 Primal Issues

• Key Issues and skip to Agriculture

VOCABULARY

For Vocabulary list and links click here

MODELS

Week 12: Agriculture Location Models Chapter 10	Week thirteen: Industrial Location Models Affiliate xi	Week xiv: Location of Services Affiliate 12	Week 14: Urban Structure - the location of things within an urban area Affiliate 13
Week 12: Von Thunen Model - a model to explicate where different crops are planted	Weber's model of industrial location: Bulk-reducing industries / Weight-losing Weber's model of industrial location: Majority-gaining industries / Weight-gaining	Hotelling's Model of ii ice foam vendors on a beach Cardinal Place Theory	Adam's model (stages of intraurban growth) Model of Urban Construction: multiple nuclei model Model of Urban Construction: sector model Model of Urban Structure: Multicentered/Peripheral model Model of Urban Construction: Latin American city Model of Urban Structure: concentric zone model

• What is a "geographic model"?
  • Models are simplifications of reality created to written report geographic processes. Some models aid us understand why things are located where they are.
  • To simplify the real earth scientist use various assumptions. Fifty-fifty though a model may be unrealistic, it can be quite useful in isolating and understanding different geography principles and processes
• How are geographic models expressed?
  • graphs
  • maps
  • drawings
  • mathematically
• Examples
  • Some models are expressed as graphs. The Demographic Transition Model in the affiliate on population (week 3/chapter 2) uses a graph to explain changes in population growth rates .

    • Demographic Transition Model calendar week 3/affiliate 2

      Weber'due south Model of transportation costs for a weight-losing manufacture week thirteen/chapter eleven

  • Other models are expressed as simplified maps. Almost of the geographic models in this unit (come across the box higher up) are expressed this manner (meet figures below).

    • Von Thunen Model of the location of crops surrounding a primal city (week 12/affiliate 10)

      Multiple Nuclei Model of the location of activities with an urban surface area (week 14/affiliate 13)

  • Some models are expressed as drawings (come across figures below).

    • Primal Place Theory used to explain Hierarchy of Services and Settlements calendar week 14/affiliate 12

      Hotelling's Model of where tertiary, or service, activities volition locate week 14/affiliate 12

  • In avant-garde geography classes models are expressed mathematically.
• Read: http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/essentials/models.html
• Don't worry. These models will make more than sense after nosotros written report them.
• The REVIEW link on our Blackboard site has a "Unit 3 - Practice Quiz on Geographic Models"

Central Issues

• Where did agronomics originate?
• Where are agricultural regions in LDSs?
• Where are agricultural regions in LDCs?
• Why practise farmers face economical difficulties?

INTRODUCTION

- More twoscore% of the people in the world are farmers.
- Approximately 1/ii of the people of LDCs are farmers
- Fewer than 2% of the people of the Us are farmers.

In unit three we report economic geography. The economy is an important role of culture. Since this is a geography course we will study WHERE economic activity takes place and WHY There. In the next iii capacity we will written report the iii different types of economical activities:

• Week 12 - Primary Activities = Agriculture = Chapter 10
• Week 13 - Secondary Activities = Industry (Manufacturing) = Chapter 11
• Week 14 - Tertiary Activities = Service Sector and Urban Patterns = capacity 12 and 13

More than twoscore% of the world'southward population are farmers, only just 3.2% of Gross domestic product comes from agriculture (http://earthtrends.wri.org)

Since most of y'all are not farmers, yous will have some new agriculture vocabulary to learn. Also keep in heed that since this is a geography form we will be focusing on the following questions about agriculture:

• Where?
• Why there?, and
• Why practice we care?

The tertiary question can be answered by a sign that I take seen in rural Wisconsin:

If you lot eat, yous are part of agriculture.

OUTLINE

• Key Consequence 1: Where Did Agronomics Originate?
  • Origins of agronomics
  • Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
  • Mapping agricultural regions (extra)
• Key Issue 2: Where Are Agricultural Regions in Less Developed Countries?
  • Shifting cultivation
  • Pastoral nomadism
  • Intensive subsistence agriculture
  • Plantation farming
• Central Issue 3: Where Are Agricultural Regions in More Developed Countries?
  • Mixed ingather and livestock farming
  • Dairy farming
  • Grain farming
  • Livestock ranching
  • Mediterranean agriculture
  • Commercial gardening and fruit farming
• Key Issue 4: Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties
  • Challenges for commercial farmers
  • Challenges for subsistence farmers
  • Strategies to increase nutrient supply

KEY Upshot 1: WHERE DID Agronomics ORIGINATE?

Origins of Agriculture

• Bones definitions:
  • What is "agriculture"? -- "deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain"
  • What is a "ingather"? - any constitute cultivated (cared for) past people
• Hunters and Gatherers
  • before the invention of agriculture all humans obtained food from gathering plants that grew wild and from hunting wild animals
  • hunting an gathering required pocket-size human populations because larger populaiton would exhaust all of the availabe wild plants and animals
  • gender-based division of labor: men hunted and women gathered
  • often finding or killing food but took upwardly a small role of the twenty-four hours
  • nomadic - small groups of people traveled frequently to find food
  • Hunting and Gathering Today
    • about 250,000 people live this way (0.005% of world's population)
    • exists simply in the arctic or interior areas of Africa, Australia, and South America, and the Pacific islands
    • Examples:
      • Spinifex people of Australia's Groovy Victoria Desert
      • Sentinelese people of India's Andaman Islands
      • Bushmen of Botswana and Namibia, Africa,
• Invention of Agronomics
  • Scientists tend to disagrre on WHEN or WHY agriculture began
  • just they do hold on WHERE it began - agriculture probably originated in multiple areas, called "hearths" (see map below)
  • 2 Types of Cultivation
    • FIRST: vegetative planting - reproduction of plants by directly cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots
    • Afterward: seed agronomics - reproduction of plants through almanac planting of seeds that outcome from sexual fertilization
  • Locations of First Vegetative Planting
    • probably commencement originated in Southeast Asia
      • why there?
        • availability of fishing allowed for a more sedentary lifestyle
        • appropriate climate and topography for vegetative planting
      • probably root crops like taro and yams and tree crops like banana and palm
      • probably also domesticated the dog, pig, and chicken
    • other vegetative planting hearths
      • West Africa
      • Andean (northwestern) South America

      

  • Locations of First Seed Agriculture

    

• Eastern hemisphere hearths (wheat, barley)
  • southwest Asia
  • southeast Asia
  • western Republic of india
  • northern Communist china
  • Federal democratic republic of ethiopia
• Western hemisphere hearths
  • southern Mexico (squash and maize [corn])
  • northern Republic of peru (squash, beans, cotton)
  • llama, alpaca, turkey
  • Domestication of Animals
    • animals were also domesticated in multiple hearths at various dates (encounter map below)
    • Southwest asia
      • probably domesticated the largest number of of import agricutural animals: cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep
      • effectually 8,000 to 9,000 years ago
      • also domesticated the dog
    • Western asia was probably where seed agriculture was integrated with the domestication of animals where animals were used to grow crops
    • horse was probably domesticated in Central Asia (recall the Kurgan Hypothesis for the diffusion of Indo-European languages, week nine, chapter v)

    

Subsistence and Commercial Agronomics

• Two main agricultural types:

  Agronomics TYPE:	Subsistence Agriculture	Commercial Agriculture
  DEFINITION:	production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family	production of food primarily for sale off the farm
  WHERE:	plant mostly in LDCs	found more often than not in MDCs
  PURPOSE:	for their ain consumption; some surplus may be sold	for sale off the farm ordinarily to food processing companies
  % OF FARMERS IN LABOR FORCE:	high; more than one-half the people work in agriculture (see map below)	depression, less than 10% of labor force work in agriculture, but much is grown (see map below)
  Use OF MACHINERY:	little; mostly hand tools and maybe animals	much machinery used resulting in much being produced; need transportation system to go the output to marketplace
  Subcontract SIZE:	small, and often get smaller every bit country is divided among the children	large, and getting larger
  RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER BUSINESSES:	very piffling	closely tied to other businesses; the term agribusiness is used to depict the industry comprised of farms, big food production companies,a and other agronomical related companies; in the U.S. only two% of labor forcefulness works on farms, simply xx% works in agribusiness

  • Percentage of Farmers in the Labor Force
    • 

       Annotation the same design that we saw in the previous chapter where Africa was the most least developed region with the greatest % of the labor force working equally farmers, followed by South, Due east, and Southeast Asia, then Southwest Asia and N Africa and finally Latin America is the most developed of the LDC regions. North America and Europe are the most developed regions with the smallest % of the labor force in agriculture.

Mapping agricultural regions:

WHERE ARE DIFFERENT PRODUCTS PRODUCED
AND WHY THERE?

• much is based on climate - compare the climate map and the agricultural regions map found below and in the textbook's effigy ten-five.
• some is based on cultural preferences
• much depends on the level of economical development (LDC or MDC) See the tabular array below.
  • There is not a perfect correlation between the LDCs/MDCs and these agricultural regions.
  • We will find some agricultural regions that are Usually found in MDCs are also sometimes found in LDCs and vice versa.

  What Are the Agricultural Regions Plant in Less Developed Countries? (number) refers to the map below. Subsistence Agronomical Regions: Shifting cultivation (2) Pastoral nomadism (three) Intensive subsistence: wet rice dominant (4) Intensive subsistence: crops other than rice (5) Plantation farming (12)

  What Are Agronomical Regions Found in More Adult Countries? (number) refers to the map below. Commercial Agricultural Regions: Mixed crop and livestock farming (6) Dairy farming (7) Grain farming (8) Livestock ranching (ix) Mediterranean agriculture (10) Commercial gardening and fruit farming (11)

  These agronomical regions will be described below in Key Issues 2 and iii.

  "Map #" refers to the map below.
  

  AGRICULTURAL REGION	MAP #	LOCATIONS	CLIMATE Blazon	CROPS / PRODUCT
  Subsistence Regions: ordinarily LDCs	|	|	|	|
  shifting cultivation	two	primarily tropical regions of South America, Africa, and Asia	A	rice, maize (corn), manioc (cassava), millet, sorghum, others
  pastoral nomadism	3	drylands of North Africa and Southeast Asia	B	camel, sheep, goats, horse, cattle
  intensive subsistence wet rice ascendant	4	primarily large population concentrations of Eastward and Southward Asia	C and A	rice
  intensive subsistence - crops other than rice	five	primarily the large population concentrations of East and South Asia where growing rice is hard	D	wheat, barley, others
  plantations (commercial agriculture, not subsistence, but commonly found in LDCs)	12	primarily the tropical and subtropical regions of Latin America, Africa, and Asia	A	cotton fiber, sugarcane, java, rubber, tobacco, others
  Commercial Regions: ordinarily MDCs	MAP #	LOCATIONS	CLIMATE Type	CROPS / PRODUCT
  mixed crop and livestock	six	primarily U.S. Midwest and fundamental Europe	C	corn, pigs, cattle, soybeans
  dairying	7	primarily near population clusters in northeastern U.Southward., southeastern Canada, and northwestern Europe	C and D	milk (closer to urban areas), butter, cheese, and dry out milk further from urban areas
  grain	eight	primarily north-key U.S. and Eastern Europe	D	wintertime wheat, jump wheat
  ranching	ix	primarily drylands of western U.S., southeastern South America, Primal Asia, southern Africa, and Commonwealth of australia	B	cattle, sheep
  Mediterranean	10	primarily lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, western U.S., and Chile	C	olives, grapes, fruits, vegetables, wheat
  commercial gardening	11	primarily southeastern U.South. and southeastern Commonwealth of australia	C	fruits and vegetables
  Fiddling or No Agronomics	1	deserts or common cold polar regions	B and East	none

  MAPS - Agricultural REGIONS AND CLIMATIC REGIONS (Figure x-4)

  

  

Key Issue 2: Where Are Agronomical Regions in LDCs?

• Shifting cultivation (2)
• Pastoral nomadism (3)
• Intensive subsistence: wet rice dominant (4)
• Intensive subsistence: crops other than rice (v)
• Plantation farming (12)

Shifting Cultivation

• also chosen "slash and burn", "swidden", ladang, milpa, chena, kaingin
• constitute in "A" (tropical) climate regions with loftier temperatures and abundant rainfall;
• because of the high amounts of rain the soils leached of nutrients (therefore infertile soils)
• 250 1000000 farmers on xiv million foursquare miles;
  • 25% of the world's state expanse
  • for 5% of the world's people
  • therefore in that location is a very low population density in areas where shifting tillage is practiced
• WHERE - tropical rainforests of South America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia
• Process:
  • an surface area of the woods is cleared with axes and the debris is burned providing nutrients to the soil - such a cleared and burned field is called "swidden"
  • small fields are prepared by paw and planted
  • cleared state can support crops for simply a few years, normally three years, and soil nutrients are rapidly depleted
  • the plot is so abandoned and another area is cleared and the procedure starts over again
  • land is left without crops for 20 years or longer to let nutrients to render to the soil
  • with increase population pressures they may have to return to a field sooner earlier its soils have had a chance to replenish
• Crops of shifting cultivation:
  • rice in Southeast Asia
  • maize and manioc in South America
  • millet and sorghum in Africa
  • also yams, sugarcane, plantain, and vegetables
• crops are ofttimes intermingled in the aforementioned expanse, certain crops a placed in certain areas to promote their growth
• ownership and employ of state in shifting tillage:
  • traditionally, land is owned communally by the whole village
  • a leader allocates land to each family
  • private land buying is becoming more pop especially in Latin America
• requires a large expanse with few people
  • 25% of the earth'southward land area, a college % than any other blazon of agriculture
  • 5% of the globe'south people
• The future of shifting cultivation
  • land used for shifting cultivation is declining about 0.2% every year
  • the amount of land used for shifting cultivation (mostly tropical rain forests) is now less than half of what information technology was
  • being replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and cultivation of cash crops
  • defenders of the practice debate that information technology is environmentally sound and sustainable as long equally population density is low since only a small area is cleared and most of the forest is left to regrow

Pastoral Nomadism

• form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals
• often (but not always) found in B (dry) climates of North Africa, Western asia, and parts of Central Asia
• nigh 15 1000000 people (0.25% of world population) on 20% of Earth'south land area; low population density
• animals provide milk and blood for nutrient and skins and pilus for cloth and tents
• most sustenance comes from grain either grown past role of the nomadic group or obtained from sedentary subsistence farmers through trade
• choice of animals:
  • camels in North Africa
  • horse in key Asia
  • also sheep and goats
• the typival nomadic family needs 25 to 60 goats or sheep or 10 to 25 camels
• movements:
  • non random
  • each group controls a sure area
  • migration routes depend on a variety of variables especially sources of h2o
  • Some groups practice transhumance - seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowlands pasture areas
  • Pasture
    • an area covered with grass or other plants used or suitable for the grazing of livestock; grassland.
    • and the grass or other plants for feeding livestock.
• hereafter of pastoral nomadism
  • a practical way of surviving on land that receives also little rain for the cultivation of crops
  • but, failing
  • often authorities endeavour to go the nomads to settle downward to free the land for other uses similar irrigated agriculture, mining, and petroleum

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

• Definition: a grade of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively big amount of endeavor to produce the maximum viable yield from a bundle of land
• often in very densely populated areas of East, South, and Southeast Asia (run across map to a higher place)
• farms tend to be small requiring careful and intensive use of the country to provide plenty nutrient for the family
• most work is done past hand or with animals
• ii full general types:
  • wet rice dominant
  • wet rice NOT dominant
• Intensive Subsistence Agriculture with Wet Rice Ascendant
  • wet rice - planting rice on dryland in a nursery then moving the seedlings to a flooded field
  • Southeast China, E Republic of india, and much of Southeast Asia
  • ofttimes A and C climatic regions
  • minor corporeality of land only major source of food
  • heavily labor intensive
  • growing rice involves several steps
    • field plowed, oft with animal power
    • field flooded, now called a sawah in Republic of indonesia or paddy by Europeans and North Americans
    • seedlings planted or seeds scattered
    • the sawah (paddy) is drained and the plants harvested by hand, and threshed to separate the crust from the seeds and and then winnowed to go rid of the lighter chaff
    • the hull must be removed by mortar and pestle prior to cooking
  • flat land or terracing needed to class the paddies
  • double cropping - getting ii crops a year from the same slice of state - modt often with other crops - is possible in south China and Taiwan, but rare in South Asia
• Intensive Subsistence Agriculture with Wet Rice NOT Dominant
  • areas with too fiddling atmospheric precipitation for rice and harsher winters
  • often D climates
  • interior of Republic of india, northeast Red china, southern Mexico, Andes mountains of South America, parts of due east Africa
  • wheat is the near important crop, followed by barley
  • other crops include millet, oats, corn, kaoling, sorghum, and soybeans and cash crops like cotton, flax, hemp, and tobacco
  • land is used intensively equally in wet rice ascendant areas
  • crop rotation - the practice of rotating use of dissimilar fields from crop to crop each yr to avert exhausting the soil of nutrients

Plantation Farming

• grade of commercial agriculture institute in topical and subtropical LDCs
• a plantation is a big farm that specializes in ane or two commercial crops
• including cotton, sugarcane, java, safe, and tobacco, and others
• generally located in LDCs but owned past Europeans or North Americans
• products are commonly sold to MDCs
• oft in thin populated areas and need to import worker
• usually A climates
• often foreign owned
• cotton and tobacco plantations were mutual in the southern US

KEY Issue 3: WHERE ARE AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN MDCs?

• Mixed crop and livestock farming (half dozen)
• Dairy farming (vii)
• Grain farming (8)
• Livestock ranching (9)
• Mediterranean agriculture (ten)
• Commercial gardening and fruit farming (11)

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

•  U.South. betwixt the Great Plains and the Appalachian Mountains, Europe from French republic to Russian federation
• integration of crops and livestock
• most of the crops are fed to livestock but some sold for human consumption
• more than fifty-fifty distribution of piece of work and income throughout the year
• Crops: Corn and Soybeans - U.S. Corn Chugalug from Ohio to the Dakotas
• Livestock: Cattle, Pigs

Dairy Farming

•  North East U.Due south., Southeast Canada, northwest Europe, ordinarily near large urban areas

• less dominant in LDCs, but growing speedily
  • LDCs produced 44% of dairy products in 2005 while accounting for about 75% of the earth's population
  • Republic of india is now the world'southward largest milk producer
• Why nearly urban areas?
  • close to marketplace because milk is highly perishable
  • milkshed - the ring surrounding a metropolis from which milk can exist supplied without spoiling
  • milksheds have grown with improved transportation methods
  • if dairy subcontract is further from urban area, more likely milk is used to produce butter, cheese, or dried milk, rather than fresh milk
    • nearly milk produced in Wisconsin is candy into other products; most milk produced in Pennsylvania most large urban areas is sold directly equally milk
    • New Zealand, far from big markets candy 95% of its milk; dairy farmers in the Uk process only half
  • milk product is labor intensive

Commercial Grain Farming

• Grain is the seed from various grasses like wheat, corn, oats, barley, millets, others
• grown primarily for direct human consumption, unlike mixed crop and livestock farming
• crop sold to manufacturers of food products
• nigh important crop is wheat mostly used to make bread
•  generally grown in D climates; areas too dry for mixed crop and livestock
• w of the Mississippi River in the US and in southern Russia
• wintertime wheat
  • planted in the fall, survives the winter, harvested late the next summertime
  • Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma
• spring wheat
  • planted in the spring and harvested in the fall
  • Dakotas, Montana, southern Saskatchewan, Washington

Livestock Ranching

• Ranching is the commercial grazing of livestock over an all-encompassing area
• unremarkably in B (dry) climate areas too dry for grain farming
• western U.S., Central Asian steppes, southern S America (as well every bit Argentine republic and Brazil), Australia (sheep)
• cattle, sheep, goats
• open range vs. fixed location ranching

Mediterranean Agriculture

• around the Mediterranean Sea, California, Chile, South Africa
• hilly coastal areas with moist moderate winters followed by hot dry summers usually on the due west side of continents
• virtually crops grown for homo consumption
• olives, grapes, and horticulture (growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers)
• limited livestock raising, transhumance with sheep and goats grazing near the sea in the winter and brought upwards the mountains in the summertime
• wine product
• also grain product (upwards to half the state) wheat (pasta)

Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming

•  U.S. Southeast
• long growing season with humid climate accessible to large population areas
• called truck farming
• fruits and vegetables

  TEST YOURSELF

  

  Matching: Lucifer the area on the map above wioth the agriccultural region from the listing beneath.

  Shifting cultivation Pastoral nomadism Intensive subsistence: wet rice ascendant Intensive subsistence: crops other than rice Plantation farming Mixed crop and livestock farming Dairy farming Grain farming Livestock ranching Mediterranean agriculture Commercial gardening and fruit farming Piddling or no agriculture

  _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Key ISSUE: WHY DO FARMERS Face ECONOMIC DFFICULTIES?

• Challenges for Commercial Farmers
  • importance of admission to markets
  • overproduction
  • Sustainable agriculture
• Challenges for Subsistence Farmers
  • subsistence farming and populaiton growth
  • subsistence farming and internatinal trade
• Strategies to Increase the Food Supply
  • expanding agricultural land
  • increasing productivitiy
  • indentifying new food sources
  • increasing trade

Challenges for Commercial Farmers

• Importance of Access to Markets
  • In the discussion of dairy farming and truck farming in a higher place mention was made to the importance of "access to markets" or "close to urban areas" for these perishable products
  • Von Thunen Model

  • John Heinrich von Thunen produced the first geographic model in his book The Isolated Land in 1862.  His isolated land laid the foundations of modernistic locational theory.  His model assumed:

    • uniform soil and climate, no disturbing physical features (i.e. no rivers and mountains)
    • a centrally located marketplace (city)
    • all farmers maximized profits
    • transport costs were proportional to distance

    His model showed farm products raised in concentric zones located around the fundamental market.  The most perishable appurtenances or skilful with high transportation costs were produced on land closest to the central city.  His model consists of the following concentric zones:

    • Central City (the market for agricultural produce)
    • Horticulture and dairying
    • Zone of dairying
    • Woods (for firewood in 1826)
    • Increasingly all-encompassing field (grain) crops which are not perishable and tin be transported long distances
    • Ranching, animal products because animals tin can be walked to the far abroad market

    • Von Thunen'southward Isolated State
      

      

      

    • A classic model in geography
      • models are used in geography to simplify the real world
      • the von Thunen model helps explain WHERE agricultural products are produced and WHY THERE.
      • fashioned in 1826 to explicate the land use patterns developing in Europe as a result of the agrarian revolution
    • Assumptions of von Thunen'southward "isolated state"
      • single, self sufficient market center with no outside influence
      • soil quality and climate are consistent throughout the isolated state
      • flat and uninterrupted land without impediments to cultivation or transportation
      • farmers transport their own crops to the marketplace center taking the straight, straight, road
      • therefore transport costs are directly proportional to distance (it costs more than to transport longer distances)
      • farmers want to maximize their profits by minimizing transportation costs
    • Given these assumptions von Thunen predicted that there would exist 4 concentric land use rings surrounding a market place where unlike crops are planted depended on dissimilar transportation costs for different crops
      • Ring 1: intensive farming and dairying ; vegetables, fruit, milk and other dairy products are perishable and so they must get to market place quickly,
      • Band 2: forests; wood for building and fuel is very heavy and difficult to transport so it is located equally close to the city as possible.
      • Ring 3: field crops; grains and potatoes can hands exist stored and are lighter and easier to transport
      • Ring 4: livestock ranching; very easy (cheap) to transport to the marketplace middle because they can walk in that location themselves
    • The isolated state became the foundation for modernistic location theory.
    • APPLICATIONS:

    

    

• Overproduction in commercial farming

  • "Commercial farmers suffer from low incomes because they are capable of producing much more food than is demanded by consumers in MDCs"
    • increases in productivity
    • low population growth
  • US government policies to assist:
    • policies designed to discourage overproduction (due east.m.. planting fallow crops to reduce soil erosion)
    • government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low (guaranteeing a target cost)
    • government buys surplus production and offers nutrient stamps to low income American to increase demand for food
  • Farming in Europe is subsidized fifty-fifty more than in the U.S.

• Southustainable agronomics
  • an agronomical exercise that preserves and enhances environmental quality including organic farming
  • includes
    • sensitive land management like ridge tilling
    • limited use of chemicals
    • better integration of crops and livestock

Challenges for Subsistence Farmers

• Subsistence farming and population growth
  • Two approaches to increasing production to provide more food for growing populations
    • leave land fallow for shorter periods; dormant - country left unseeded during a growing season
    • adopting new farming methods
• Subsistence farming and international trade
  • with modern agricultural techniques, farmers in LDCs need to purchase (usually imported) agricultural input like fertilizers, pesticides, mechanism
  • to earn coin to pay for such inputs they need to produce more for sale
  • drug crops
    • largest drug crop: marijuana
    • OPIUM: textbook out-of-engagement: the textbook states that 60% of opium, the crop from which heroine is fabricated, is grown in the "golden triangle" in Burma, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, BUT at present over 90% is grown in Afghanistan
    • COCA: from which cocaine is fabricated is grown primarily in northwestern South America - Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru produce 98%
    • MARIJUANA: cultivated widely around the world
• Drug Crops

Strategies to Increase Nutrient Supply

• Strategies:
  • expanding land expanse for agronomical use
  • higher productivity
  • identifying new food sources
  • increasing merchandise
• expanding land area for agricultural employ
  • historically how nutrient product was increased to meet the demands of larger populations
  • at present, population is increasing faster than the increase in agronomical state
  • although there are some areas where agricultural land tin expand, in other areas country area available for agriculture is decreasing due to:
    • lack of water and desertification
    • excessive irrigation water logging the land
    • urbanization
• college productivity - the Green Revolution
  • the invention and rapid improvidence of more than productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s
  • ii main practices:
    • invention and introduction of higher yielding variety (HYV) seeds
    • expanded use of fertilizer
  • HYV of wheat (first) then rice were invented, later corn (maize)
  • Results:
    • India's wheat production more than doubled in 5 years
    • the dark-green revolution was largely responsible for preventing a food crisis during the 1970s and 1980s
• identifying new food sources - iii strategies beingness considered
  • cultivate oceans - fish
  • develop high poly peptide cereals
  • improve palatability of rarely consumed foods e.g.. soybeans (virtually fed to animals rather than straight consumed by humans) and krill
• increasing exports from other countries
  • the U.South. is the world'due south leading exporter of grain
  • by 1980 North America was the globe's only major food exporting region
  • but things have changed
    • South asia and Southeast Asia are at present also major exporters
    • RICE: Thailand is at present the world's largest exporter of rice (1/three of world'due south rice exports), followed by India, U.S., Vietnam, and Pakistan in fifth place

    

• Example Report: Africa'due south Food-Supply Crunch (p. 339-340)

in Africa cereal production has increased more slowly than population the proportion of people undernourished in all LDCs has decreased substantially since 1980 mainly due to a decrease in the proportion in Asia Merely in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America the proportion of the population that is undernourished has simply decreased a little and in the Middle Due east region undernourishment has increased 40 meg African face food shortages- WHERE? Ethiopia (14 one thousand thousand) Zimbabwe (7 one thousand thousand) Somalia Sudan Sahel region (Gambia, Senegal, Republic of mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Niger, Republic of chad) http://maps.grida.no/become/graphic/malnutrition_and_famine

VOCABULARY

See list of "Key Terms" at the end of the chapter in the textbook.

There may exist additional terms not on the list of Cardinal Terms listed beneath:

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Source: http://www2.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geg100/notes/notes12x.htm